1.Galvanize (verb)/प्रेरित करना

Meaning: shock or excite (someone) into taking action.

synonyms: jolt, shock, startle, impel, stir, spur, prod, urge, motivate, stimulate, electrify, excite, rouse, arouse, awaken, invigorate, fire, fuel, animate, vitalize, energize, exhilarate.

Example: Prime Minister Narendra Modi was in Europe last week to galvanise India’s ties with key European powers as well as to keep the momentum of his past visit to Europe going. 

2.Embolden (verb)/निर्भीक बनाना

Meaning: give (someone) the courage or confidence to do something.

synonyms: give courage, make brave/braver, encourage, hearten, strengthen, fortify

Example: Emboldened by  President Donald Trump’s open embrace and anti-Iran agenda, the kingdom could be making a renewed attempt to rally Sunni countries under its leadership against Tehran. Qatar has historically played off both sides of the Saudi-Iran rivalry.

3.Outburst (noun)/ विस्फोट

Meaning: a sudden release of strong emotion.

a sudden occurrence of a particular activity.

synonyms: eruption, explosion, burst, outbreak, flare-up, blow-up, blaze, attack, fit, spasm, paroxysm, access, rush, gale, flood, storm, hurricane, torrent, outpouring.

Example: Even as it joined the occasional GCC outbursts against Tehran, it maintained sound economic and diplomatic ties. Qatar’s ruler Sheikh Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani, who had a phone conversation with Iran’s President Hassan Rouhani last week, is reportedly critical of the Saudi-led efforts to drive up an anti-Iran agenda. 

4.Titular (adjective)/ नाममात्र का

Meaning: holding or constituting a purely formal position or title without any real authority.

synonyms: nominal, in title/name only, formal, official, ceremonial.

Example: President Pranab Mukherjee’s term ends soon. Given that the President has only a formal, titular role, is it better to look for a candidate outside the realm of active politics? Is opening up the position for writers, artists, public intellectuals and so on more desirable?

5.Unprecedented (adjective)/अभूतपूर्व

Meaning: never done or known before.

synonyms: unparalleled, unequalled, unmatched, unrivalled, without parallel.

Example: In 2014, Saudi Arabia, the UAE and Bahrain had temporarily withdrawn their ambassadors from Qatar over this. But a suspension of diplomatic ties as well as air and sea travel to and from Qatar is unprecedented.

6.Unabashed (adjective)/अडिग

Meaning: not embarrassed, disconcerted, or ashamed.

synonyms: unashamed, shameless, unembarrassed, brazen, audacious, barefaced, blatant, flagrant, bold, confident, immodest, unblushing, unrepentant, undaunted.

Example: The focus of the visit was clearly on boosting trade and economic ties with Europe. Mr. Modi’s unabashed selling of India as an investment destination is the most striking aspect of his outreach to the West. 

7.Retrenchment (noun)/ छटनी

Meaning: the reduction of costs or spending in response to economic difficulty.

Example: This is also a time when Europe is concerned about its own future under the onslaught of 

Britain’s impending exit from the European Union and America’s flirtation with retrenchment under President Donald Trump. 

8.Pragmatism (noun)/व्यवहारवाद

Meaning: a pragmatic attitude or policy.

Example: Mr. Modi’s outreach, sustained over the last three years, has injected much-needed pragmatism in a relationship which was adrift for quite some time. Now the proverbial ball is in Europe’s court.

9.Hilarious (adjective)/ प्रफुल्ल

Meaning: extremely amusing.

synonyms: very funny, extremely amusing, hysterically funny, hysterical, uproarious, 

Example: It is generating so much heat and so little light. It may be useful to refer to a hilarious story in R.K. Narayan’s book My Dateless Diary in which he refers to a young orthodox Indian,  a Gandhian,  who goes for study to the U.S.  and finds himself in a situation where he has to take to beef-eating.

10.Seditious (adjective)/ विद्रोहात्मक

Meaning: inciting or causing people to rebel against the authority of a state or monarch.

Example: A ban on slaughter, if carried to its logical extent, will be dangerous and create a state within a state. It will not only be undemocratic but also seditious. The Constitution calls for a more tolerant and pluralistic approach.